Thyroid health & diet

Understanding the Thyroid: Its Role in Metabolism

The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck, playing a critical role in regulating metabolism through hormone production. It produces the so-called hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which control energy levels, weight management, and overall bodily functions. These hormones are regulated by the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), released by the pituitary gland.

Thyroid imbalances, such as hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) and hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), can disrupt metabolism, weight, and energy levels. Diet and lifestyle adjustments can help regulate hormone balance and alleviate symptoms.

Hypothyroidism: Causes, Symptoms & Dietary Considerations

What is Hypothyroidism?

Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid produces insufficient hormones, leading to a slower metabolism. It is commonly caused by Hashimoto's thyroiditis (an autoimmune condition), iodine deficiency, or certain medications.

Symptoms of Hypothyroidism

• Fatigue & low energy

• Unexplained weight gain

• Sensitivity to cold

• Depression & brain fog

• Dry skin & hair loss

• Slow heart rate

Best Nutrients to Support Hypothyroidism

• Iodine: Essential for thyroid hormone production.
  Sources: Seafood, dairy, iodized salt.¹
  Caution: Excess iodine can worsen thyroid dysfunction, so balanced intake is key.

• Selenium: Helps convert T4 into active T3 and supports immune function.
  Sources: Brazil nuts, eggs, tuna, sunflower seeds.¹

• Vitamin D: Often linked to autoimmune thyroid disorders and hormone balance.
  Sources: Fatty fish, fortified dairy, sunlight exposure.¹

Hyperthyroidism: Causes, Symptoms & Dietary Considerations

What is Hyperthyroidism?

Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid produces too much hormone, leading to an overactive metabolism. It is often caused by Graves' disease or thyroid nodules.

Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism

• Unintentional weight loss

• Rapid heartbeat or palpitations

• Increased sweating

• Anxiety & irritability

• Heat intolerance

• Muscle weakness

Best Nutrients to Support Hyperthyroidism

• Calcium & Vitamin D: Essential to prevent bone density loss due to an overactive thyroid. Sources: Dairy, leafy greens, fortified plant-based milk. ²

• Antioxidants & Omega-3s: Help reduce inflammation & regulate hormones. Sources: Berries, walnuts, flaxseeds, salmon. ²

• Goitrogenic Foods (In noderation): Certain vegetables contain goitrogens, compounds that may slightly reduce thyroid hormone production. Best sources: Cooked broccoli, cauliflower, brussels sprouts (but always consult a doctor). ³ ⁴

The Link Between Thyroid Disorders & Diet

The Role of Goitrogens in Thyroid Function ³ ⁴

Goitrogens are natural compounds that can disrupt thyroid hormone production when consumed in excess.

• For Hypothyroidism: Limit raw goitrogenic foods; cooking them reduces their impact.

• For Hyperthyroidism: Some goitrogenic foods may help slightly reduce thyroid activity (but should be consumed under medical supervision).

Why Regular Thyroid Testing is Crucial

Checking TSH levels, T3, and T4 hormones regularly helps assess thyroid health and determine if dietary adjustments are working.

Lifestyle Tips to Regulate Hormone Balance ⁵

1. Regular Exercise:
Moderate workouts support metabolism & weight management for hypothyroidism.
Gentle activities like yoga & stretching help reduce stress & anxiety in hyperthyroidism. ⁵

2. Stress Management:
Chronic stress disrupts hormone balance. Try meditation, deep breathing, or journaling to support overall health. ⁵

3. Sleep Optimization:
Aim for 7-9 hours of quality sleep to regulate hormones and support metabolic function. ⁵

Diet’s Role in Supporting Thyroid Health

A balanced diet rich in key nutrients can significantly support thyroid function, helping to regulate hormone balance and improve metabolism. Whether managing hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, working with a specialist ensures an individualized approach to nutrition.

Looking for expert guidance?

Personalized dietary strategies, developed in consultation with healthcare professionals, are essential for effectively managing thyroid conditions. Mavie Telemed provides you with a digital platform to consult specialists that understand your health needs and recommend holistic way of managing your condition. Book your first session easily online.

References:
1. Dana Larsen, Sargun Singh, Maria Brito, Thyroid, Diet, and Alternative Approaches, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 107, Issue 11, November 2022, Pages 2973–2981, https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgac473;
2. Abuduwaili G, Huang J, Ma Y, Sun H. Adult dietary patterns and their association with iodine nutrition levels and thyroid function: a cross-sectional study. Public Health Nutrition. 2025;28(1):e4. doi:10.1017/S1368980024002404
3. Taherinia, S., Heidari, Z., Salehidoost, R. et al. Associations between empirically derived dietary patterns and oxidative stress and inflammation in adults with primary hypothyroidism: a case-control study. BMC Endocr Disord 23, 105 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-023-01348-9
4. Alwan, H., Ribero, V.A., Efthimiou, O. et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis investigating the relationship between metabolic syndrome and the incidence of thyroid diseases. Endocrine 84, 320–327 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-023-03503-7
5. Partsalaki, Ioanna, Georgios K. Markantes, and Marina A. Michalaki. 2024. "Low-Glycemic Load Diets and Thyroid Function: A Narrative Review and Future Perspectives" Nutrients 16, no. 3: 347. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030347